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|image = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1971.jpg |office = 4th President of Pakistan |vicepresident = Nurul Amin |president = Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry |term_start = 20 December 1971 |term_end = 13 August 1973 |predecessor = Yahya Khan |successor = Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry |office1 = 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan |term_start1 = 14 August 1973 |term_end1 = 5 July 1977 |predecessor1 = Nurul Amin |successor1 = Muhammad Khan Junejo |office2 = Speaker of the National Assembly |term_start2 = 14 April 1972 |term_end2 = 15 August 1972 |predecessor2 = Abdul Jabbar Khan |successor2 = Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry |office3 = Minister of Foreign Affairs |president3 = Ayub Khan |term_start3 = 15 June 1963 |term_end3 = 31 August 1966 |predecessor3 = Muhammad Ali Bogra |successor3 = Sharifuddin Pirzada |birth_date = |birth_place = Larkana, Sindh, British India (now Pakistan) |death_date = |death_place = Rawalpindi, Pakistan |cause_of_death = Hanging |party = Pakistan People's Party |spouse = Shiren Amir Begum, Nusrat Ispahani |children = Benazir Murtaza Sanam Shahnawaz |alma_mater = |profession = Lawyer Politician |religion = Islam, Sunni |nationality = (1947-1979) British Indian (1928-1947) |relations = Nawab Nabi Bux Khan Bhutto (uncle) Mumtaz Bhutto (cousin) Bakhtawar Bhutto Zardari (granddaughter) Asifa Bhutto Zardari (granddaughter) Asif Ali Zardari (son-in-law) Ghinwa Bhutto (daughter-in-law) Fatima Bhutto (granddaughter) }} Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: , (シンド語:ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو), (:zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bʱʊʈːoː)) (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was also the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979. Educated at Berkeley and Oxford, Bhutto trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn. He entered politics as one of President Iskander Mirza's cabinet members, before being assigned several ministries during President Ayub Khan's military rule from 1958. Appointed Foreign Minister in 1963, Bhutto was a proponent of Operation Gibraltar in Indian-occupied Kashmir, leading to war with India in 1965. After the Tashkent Agreement ended hostilities, Bhutto fell out with Ayub and was sacked from government. He founded the PPP in 1967, contesting general elections in 1970. The Awami League won a majority of seats in East Pakistan and PPP won a majority of seats in West Pakistan, the two parties were unable to agree on a new constitution on particular on the issue of Six Point Movement which many in West Pakistan saw as a way to break up the country .〔http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Six-point_Programme〕 Subsequent uprisings led to the secession of Bangladesh, and Pakistan losing the war against Bangladesh-allied India in 1971. Bhutto was handed over the presidency in December 1971 and emergency rule was imposed. Bhutto set about rebuilding Pakistan he stated his intention to 'rebuild confidence and rebuild hope for the future'.〔https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=rebuild+confidence+and+rebuild+hope+for+the+future&source=bl&ots=pcaWebn2fZ&sig=bX0urOONum8uebu48C_JIL9TeMQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAGoVChMI3bXZhv7RxwIVBrMUCh01uAXU#v=onepage&q=rebuild%20confidence%20and%20rebuild%20hope%20for%20the%20future&f=false〕 By July 1972, Bhutto had recovered 93,000 prisoners of war and 5,000 square miles of Indian-held territory after signing the Simla Agreement. In foreign affairs, he strengthened ties with Soviet Union, China and Saudi Arabia, and recognised the sovereignty of Bangladesh. Domestically, Bhutto's reign saw parliament unanimously approve a new constitution in 1973, after which he endorsed Fazal Ilahi's bid for president, and assumed instead the newly empowered office of Prime minister. He also played an integral role in initiating the atomic–bomb programme. His economic programme was based on the nationalization of much of Pakistan's industries, expansion of the Welfare State by introducing minimum wage and old age benefits.〔http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/30-Nov-2012/heading-towards-the-social-welfare-state〕〔http://www.eobi.gov.pk/announcement/labour+poilcy+2010.pdf〕 In addition Bhutto launched the process of industrial reconstruction by establishing Pakistan Steel Mills and Port Qasim.〔 Bhutto dissolved the Balochistan Assembly following the discovery of arms destined for rebels, this was met with unrest. Bhutto ordered a military operation in the province in 1973 and speeded up economic reforms in the expanding roads and agricultural loans in the province .〔 The PPP won the 1977 parliamentary elections, However, a conservative alliance alleged widespread rigging and civil disorder escalated across Pakistan. Finally on 5 July 1977, chief of army staff General Zia-ul-Haq deposed Bhutto in a bloodless coup, and had the former Prime Minister controversially tried and executed by the Supreme Court in 1979 for authorising the murder of a political opponent. While Bhutto's legacy is contentious, his party, the PPP, remains one of the largest in Pakistan and his daughter Benazir Bhutto would emerge as prime minister after winning the Pakistani General elections of 1988 following Zia's Death. ==Early life== Zulfikar Ali Bhutto belonged to a noble Rajput family.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto )〕 He was born in Sindh to Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Khursheed Begum (née Lakhi Bai) near Larkana. Zulfikar was their third child—their first one, Sikandar Ali, had died from pneumonia at age seven in 1914, and the second, Imdad Ali, would die of cirrhosis at age 39 in 1953. His father was the ''dewan'' of the princely state of Junagadh, and enjoyed an influential relationship with the officials of the British Raj. As a young boy, Bhutto moved to Worli Seaface in Bombay to study at the Cathedral and John Connon School. He then also became an activist in the Pakistan Movement. In 1943, his marriage was arranged with Shireen Amir Begum. He later left her, however, in order to remarry. In 1947, Bhutto was admitted to the University of Southern California to study political science. In 1949, as a sophomore, Bhutto transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a B.A. (honours) degree in political science in 1950.〔 Here, Bhutto would become interested in the theories of socialism, delivering a series of lectures on their feasibility in Islamic countries. During this time, Bhutto's father played a controversial role in the affairs of Junagadh. Coming to power in a palace coup, he secured the accession of his state to Pakistan, which was ultimately negated by Indian intervention in December 1947. In June 1950, Bhutto travelled to the United Kingdom to study law at Christ Church, Oxford and received an LLB, followed by an LLM degree in Law and an M.Sc. (honours) degree in political science.〔 Upon finishing his studies, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1953.〔 Bhutto married his second wife, the Iranian-Kurdish Nusrat Ispahani,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Interview with Vali Nasr )〕 in Karachi on 8 September 1951. Their first child, Benazir, was born in 1953. She was followed by Murtaza in 1954, Sanam in 1957 and Shahnawaz in 1958. He accepted the post of lecturer at the S. M. Law College, from where he was also awarded an honorary doctorate in law by college president Hassanally A. Rahman before establishing himself in a legal practice in Karachi. He also took over the management of his family's estate and business interests after his father's death. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zulfikar Ali Bhutto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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